Forces to reckon with: Supramolecular complexes, such as the one shown, are normally
based on a combination of different interactions such as ion pairing, hydrogen bonds, and …

The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is found
only in bacteria, where it catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of numerous …

The recognition of saccharides by proteins has far reaching implications in biology,
technology, and drug design. Within the past two decades, researchers have directed …

Membrane transport proteins that transduce free energy stored in electrochemical ion
gradients into a concentration gradient are a major class of membrane proteins. We report …

An X-ray structure of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli (LacY) in an inward-facing
conformation has been solved. LacY contains N-and C-terminal domains, each with six …

Lactose permease (LacY) is the prototype of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of
secondary transporters. Available structures of LacY reveal a state in which the substrate is …

The bacterial melibiose permease (MelB) belongs to the glycoside–pentoside–hexuronide:
cation symporter family, a part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Structural …

Here we describe an x-ray structure of wild-type lactose permease (LacY) from Escherichia
coli determined by manipulating phospholipid content during crystallization. The structure …

Cell envelope plays a dual role in the life of bacteria by simultaneously protecting it from a
hostile environment and facilitating access to beneficial molecules. At the heart of this ability …

Cation‐coupled active transport is an essential cellular process found ubiquitously in all
living organisms. Here, we present two novel ligand‐free X‐ray structures of the lactose …