Plant hormones play central roles in plant growth, developmental processes, and plant
response to biotic and abiotic stresses. On the one hand, plant hormones may allocate …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

Phyllosphere or aerial surface of plants represents the globally largest and peculiar
microbial habitat that inhabits diverse and rich communities of bacteria, fungi, viruses …

Pseudomonas syringae is one of the most common plant pathogens that infect the
phyllosphere. P. syringae can live on the plant surface as an epiphyte. To cause disease, it …

The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant
immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA-and JA-mediated signaling …

Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Rapid production of H2O2 is a hallmark of plant responses to diverse pathogens and plays a
crucial role in signalling downstream of various receptors that perceive immunogenic …

The plant hormone jasmonate coordinates immune and growth responses to increase plant
survival in unpredictable environments. The core jasmonate signaling pathway comprises …

H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate–type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-
type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane …

Plants are hosts to complex communities of endophytic bacteria that colonize the interior of
both below-and aboveground tissues. Bacteria living inside plant tissues as endophytes can …