The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-
canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by …

Inflammation is a natural host defensive process that is largely regulated by macrophages
during the innate immune response. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are proline …

Inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages are part of the innate immune system,
whose role is to protect against invading pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ginseng is an ethnopharmacological herbal plant in Asian
countries, particularly in Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng saponins, including …

Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) serves as an important component of multiple signaling
pathways. While the majority of research on TBK1 has focused on its role in innate immunity …

Inflammation is a series of complex biological responses to protect the host from pathogen
invasion. Chronic inflammation is considered a major cause of diseases, such as various …

Background & Aims The stimulator of interferon genes (STING)/TANK-binding kinase 1
(TBK1) pathway is vital in mediating innate immune and inflammatory responses during …

Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that coordinate anti-pathogenic
host defense during inflammatory responses in myeloid cells, especially macrophages …

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays pivotal roles in antiviral innate immunity. TBK1
mediates the activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, leading to the induction of type …

Environmental stressors like pathogens and toxins may depress the animal immune system
through invasion of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract, where they may impair performance …