Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized
by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, caused by, so far, unknown
pathogenetic mechanisms. There is no doubt that pro-inflammatory immune-mediated …

One of the most transformative developments in neurogastroenterology is the realization that
many functions normally attributed to enteric neurons involve interactions with enteric glial …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Parkinson's disease is a synucleinopathy that is characterized by motor dysfunction, death of
midbrain dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates …

Growing evidence suggests an increasing significance for the extent of gastrointestinal tract
(GIT) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most patients suffer from GIT symptoms …

Background: Several studies suggested an important role of the gut microbiota in the
pathophysiology of neurological disorders, implying that alteration of the gut microbiota …

Background Previous studies have reported that gut microbiota, permeability, short-chain
fatty acids (SCFAs), and inflammation are altered in Parkinson's disease (PD), but how these …