Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase
family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis …

Abstract Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury paradoxically occurs during reperfusion following
ischemia, exacerbating the initial tissue damage. The limited understanding of the intricate …

Ca2+ is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous
essential cellular functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. The …

Redox signaling refers to the specific and usually reversible oxidation/reduction modification
of molecules involved in cellular signaling pathways. In the heart, redox signaling regulates …

Mitochondrial function and specifically its implication in cellular redox/oxidative balance is
fundamental in controlling the life and death of cells, and has been implicated in a wide …

Ca2+-dependent signaling is highly regulated in cardiomyocytes and determines the force
of cardiac muscle contraction. Ca2+ cycling refers to the release and reuptake of …

Signaling pathways induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNF-α) play a key role in the cellular responses to inflammation and injury. In the …

Abstract Perturbed Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca 2+) homeostasis emerges as a
central player in Alzheimer disease (AD). Accordingly, different studies have reported …

Ischemic heart disease is the principal cause of death worldwide and clinically manifests as
myocardial infarction (MI), stable angina, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Myocardial …

Ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the major causes of high morbidity, disability, and
mortality in the world. I/R injury remains a complicated and unresolved situation in clinical …