While HIV-1 infection of target cells with cell-free viral particles has been largely
documented, intercellular transmission through direct cell-to-cell contact may be a …

The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of
HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells …

Defining the virus–host interactions responsible for HIV-1 transmission, including the
phenotypic requirements of viruses capable of establishing de novo infections, could be …

Lentiviruses have a long-documented association with macrophages. Abundant evidence
exists for in vitro and, in a tissue-specific manner, in vivo infection of macrophages by the …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading
pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From …

Worldwide, HIV-1 infects millions of people annually, the majority of whom are women. To
establish infection in the female reproductive tract (FRT), HIV-1 in male ejaculate must …

Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide
range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C (C-HIV) is the most prevalent form
of HIV-1 globally, accounting for approximately 50% of infections worldwide. C-HIV is the …

The role of sex hormones in regulating immune responses in the female genital tract has
been recognized for decades. More recently, it has become increasingly clear that sex …

The deltaretroviruses human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human T cell
lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) have long been believed to differ from retroviruses in …