The cardiovascular complications contribute to a majority of diabetes associated morbidity
and mortality, accounting for 44% of death in those patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus …

To date, studies suggest that biological signaling by nitric oxide (NO) is primarily mediated
by cGMP, which is synthesized by NO-activated guanylyl cyclases and broken down by …

The mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can grow and change to accommodate
alterations in its workload. During development and in response to physiological stimuli or …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels
of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There …

cellular apoptosis signaling kinase-1, a redox-sensitive kinase upstream of Jun-nuclear
kinase and p38. Apoptosis signaling kinase-1 overexpression activates nuclear factor κB to …

Data from the Women's Health Study show that serum levels of growth-differentiation factor-
15 (GDF-15), a distant member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, are an …

Sustained cardiac pressure overload induces hypertrophy and pathological remodeling,
frequently leading to heart failure. Genetically engineered hyperstimulation of guanosine …

Cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic
processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular system. Dysfunctional signaling at …

Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the main ways in which cardiomyocytes respond to
mechanical and neurohormonal stimuli. It enables myocytes to increase their work output …

Over the past few years, a wealth of biochemical and functional data have been gathered on
mammalian cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs). In mammals, three different kinases …