Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Given the growing interest in retrieval practice among educators, it is valuable to know when
retrieval practice does and does not improve student learning—particularly for educators …

The development of students' higher order learning is a critical component of education. For
decades, educators and scientists have engaged in an ongoing debate about whether …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

Surveys indicate that at all educational levels students often use relatively ineffective study
strategies. One potential remedy is to include learning-strategy training into students' …

Over a century of research has established practice testing as a highly robust learning
strategy that promotes long-term retention. However, learners do not always appreciate the …

How do we go about learning new information? This article reviews the importance of
practicing retrieval of newly experienced information if one wants to be able to retrieve it …

Although students tend to dislike exams, tests—broadly defined in the present commentary
as opportunities to practice retrieving to-be-learned information—can function as one of the …

Over 100 years of research shows that retrieval practice is highly effective for enhancing
student learning. When managing their own study behaviors, however, students tend to …

Practice testing is a powerful tool to consolidate long-term retention of studied information,
facilitate subsequent learning of new information, and foster knowledge transfer. However …