Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

We define a new concept of 'active milieu'that unifies all components of nervous tissue
(neuronal and glial compartments, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, and vasculature) …

Multimodal astrocyte–neuron communications govern brain circuitry assembly and function.
For example, through rapid glutamate release, astrocytes can control excitability, plasticity …

Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

Astrocytes are a large and diverse population of morphologically complex cells that exist
throughout nervous systems of multiple species. Progress over the last two decades has …

The mammalian brain is a complex organ comprising neurons, glia, and more than 1× 1014
synapses. Neurons are a heterogeneous group of electrically active cells, which form the …

Astrocytes are predominant glial cells that tile the central nervous system (CNS). A cardinal
feature of astrocytes is their complex and visually enchanting morphology, referred to as …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

Capable of reflecting the location and intensity of external harmful stimuli, a nociceptor
network is of great importance for receiving pain-perception information. However, the …

Brain circuits undergo substantial structural changes during development, driven by the
formation, stabilization, and elimination of synapses. Synaptic connections continue to …