The theory is advanced that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive
substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation. This view is related to the theory …

Dopamine neurons located in the midbrain play a role in motivation that regulates approach
behavior (approach motivation). In addition, activation and inactivation of dopamine neurons …

Non-contingent “priming” drug injections and conditioned stimuli associated with drug
injections led to reinstatement of responding after a period of extinction. Rats implanted with …

In 1953 Olds and Milner 9o discovered that animals would repeat acts that were followed by
delivery of electrical stimulation of the brain. This finding had important implications for …

Drugs of abuse share with conventional reinforcers the activation of specific neural
pathways in the CNS that are the substrate of their motivational properties. Dopamine is …

Low and high doses of a dopamine blocking agent had effects on lever pressing for
intravenous amphetamine reward which resembled the effects of reward reduction and …

Drug craving, the desire to experience the effect (s) of a previously experienced
psychoactive substance, has been hypothesized to contribute significantly to continued drug …

The hypothesis that separate neural systems mediate the reinforcing properties of opiate
and psychomotor stimulant drugs was tested in rats trained to lever-press for IV injections of …

Fluctuations in extracellular dopamine and DOPAC levels in nucleus accumbens septi
(NAS) were monitored in 1-min microdialysis samples taken from rats engaged in …

Great progress in the understanding of the mechanisms by which drugs influence behavior
has resulted from recent studies of the binding of drugs to receptors. While not all drugs …