The adjuvant analgesics are a large and diverse group of drugs that were developed for
primary indications other than pain and are potentially useful analgesics for one or more …

Abstract Purpose of Review Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) can also be
classified as either non-ulcerative or ulcerative, corresponding to the characteristic …

Emerging literature supports that local injection of botulinum toxins can help local pain in
animals. In dogs, botulinum toxin injections have been studied for treatment of painful joints …

Abstract Purpose of Review Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) can also be
classified as either non-ulcerative or ulcerative, corresponding to the characteristic …

Piriformis syndrome (PS) is characterized by pain in the buttocks, exacerbated by long
periods of sitting. It is believed that in most cases, the cause of pain is the pressure from …

Prospective, double-blind and placebo-controlled studies (PREEMPT) have demonstrated
the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA (onaA) in chronic migraine (class A evidence). Follow-up …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exert an analgesic effect through several mechanisms
including muscle relaxation through inhibition of acetylcholine release from neuromuscular …

Chronic pain is a major issue in many orthopedic disorders. With the discovery of analgesic
effects of BoNTs, there is an emerging interest in exploring a potential role for BoNT …

Recent discoveries of the new pain receptors and channels as well as pain modulators and
transmitters have improved our knowledge of pain pathophysiology. Animal data on …

In dogs, botulinum toxin injections have been studied in painful osteoarthritis and pain after
mastectomy for malignant breast cancer. In horses, botulinum toxin injections have been …