Global change has converted many structurally complex and ecologically and economically
valuable coastlines to bare substrate. In the structural habitats that remain, climate-tolerant …

The successions of benthic communities over time are strongly influenced by the first
colonizers, because surface associations are facilitated by modifications to the adhesive …

The spread of invasive species is a major component of global ecological change and how
and when to manage particular species is a difficult empirical question. Ideally, these …

Extreme weather events are major drivers of ecological change, and their occurrence is
likely to increase due to climate change. The transient increases in atmospheric …

1. The exchange of energy and nutrients are integral components of ecological functions of
benthic shallow-water ecosystems and are directly dependent on in situ environmental …

Herbivory by fishes and sea urchins is a powerful mechanism on coral reefs that mitigates
coral-algal competition by physically removing algae and creating bare space. Spatially …

Climate change is introducing new stressors into already stressed ecosystems. Among
these, extreme events such as heat waves play a crucial role in determining the structure of …

Epifaunal invertebrates play an important role in seagrass systems, both by grazing
epiphytic algae from seagrass blades and by acting as a major food source for higher …

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) loss occurs worldwide due to increasing water temperatures and
decreasing water quality. In the US, widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima), a more heat-tolerant …

Intra-and interspecific interactions can be broken down into facilitative and competitive
components. The net interaction between two organisms is simply the sum of these …