Abiotic stressors such as extreme temperatures, drought, flood, light, salt, and heavy metals
alter biological diversity and crop production worldwide. Therefore, it is important to know …

Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play
crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced under …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

Plants encounter various abiotic stresses under field conditions. Among them, drought stress
adversely affects crop productivity and threatens global food security. Drought stress triggers …

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants is part of the normal metabolism
of chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes; however, the exposure to environmental …

Plants being sessile entities are often subjected to varied environmental stresses. They have
developed an alternative defense mechanism that involves a vast variety of secondary …

Phytoremediation is an economically viable green technology that utilizes hyperaccumulator
plants to remove heavy metals (HM) from the soil. Hyperaccumulators are adept at …

Toxic trace metals are ecotoxic due to their high bioaccumulation and toxicity, acting as
abiotic stress agents, causing oxidative damage to the plant cells. Plants can recognize …

Secondary metabolites, such as phenols and salicylic, play a crucial role in the regulation of
development and tolerance mechanisms against a wide range of stresses. During adverse …

Specialized plant metabolites (SPMs), traditionally referred to as 'secondary metabolites',
are chemical compounds involved in a broad range of biological functions, including plant …