As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and …

Abstract Space biology research aims to understand fundamental spaceflight effects on
organisms, develop foundational knowledge to support deep space exploration and …

Many factors contribute to the health risks encountered by astronauts on missions outside
Earth's atmosphere. Spaceflight-induced potential adverse neurovascular damage and late …

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess
skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to …

Microgravity (µ g) has a massive impact on the health of space explorers. Microgravity
changes the proliferation, differentiation, and growth of cells. As crewed spaceflights into …

Reduced knee weight-bearing from prescription or sedentary lifestyles are associated with
cartilage degradation; effects on the meniscus are unclear. Rodents exposed to spaceflight …

Homo sapiens and their predecessors evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of
Earth, including a 1 g gravity and a geomagnetic field (GMF). These variables, plus others …

Central nervous system (CNS) damage by galactic cosmic ray radiation is a major health
risk for human deep space exploration. Simulated galactic cosmic rays or their components …

The goal of the present study was to characterize acute oxidative damage in ocular structure
and retinal function after exposure to spaceflight, and to evaluate the efficacy of an …

Both microgravity and radiation exposure in the spaceflight environment have been
identified as hazards to astronaut health and performance. Substantial study has been …