Background Changes in Earth's climate over time can be measured in many ways. The
different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of climate change, each with …

In this paper we review current approaches and recent advances in research on climate
impacts and adaptation in South Africa. South Africa has a well‐developed earth system …

This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography,
linking individual-and population-level processes to geographic distributions and …

Bioclimatic envelope models use associations between aspects of climate and species'
occurrences to estimate the conditions that are suitable to maintain viable populations. Once …

In the last two decades, interest in species distribution models (SDMs) of plants and animals
has grown dramatically. Recent advances in SDMs allow us to potentially forecast …

Climate change creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. Species ranges and
ecological dynamics are already responding to recent climate shifts, and current reserves …

Limiting climate change to less than 2° C is the focus of international policy under the
climate convention (UNFCCC), and is essential to preventing extinctions, a focus of the …

There is general agreement among scientists that biodiversity is under assault on a global
basis and that species are being lost at a greatly enhanced rate. This article examines the …

Given the rate of projected environmental change for the 21st century, urgent adaptation and
mitigation measures are required to slow down the on-going erosion of biodiversity. Even …

A growing understanding of the ecology of seed dispersal has so far had little influence on
conservation practice, while the needs of conservation practice have had little influence on …