Epithelial cells require apical–basal plasma membrane polarity to carry out crucial vectorial
transport functions and cytoplasmic polarity to generate different cell progenies for tissue …

Na+/H+ exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the
electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ across cellular membranes. They belong to an …

Exosomes are naturally occurring biological nanomembranous vesicles (∼ 40 to 100 nm) of
endocytic origin that are released from diverse cell types into the extracellular space. They …

A subset of intracellular transmembrane proteins such as acid-hydrolase receptors,
processing peptidases and SNAREs, as well as extracellular protein toxins such as Shiga …

Gene electrotransfer is a powerful method of DNA delivery offering several medical
applications, among the most promising of which are DNA vaccination and gene therapy for …

The potential use of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has
elicited a great deal of interest. However, a major issue for oligonucleotide-based …

Cells use secreted signals (eg chemokines and growth factors) and sophisticated vehicles
such as argosomes, cytonemes, tunneling nanotubes and exosomes to relay important …

Several pathogens—bacteria, viruses and parasites—must enter mammalian cells for
survival, replication and immune-system evasion. These pathogens generally make use of …

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) can produce interferon (IFN)-α and/or mature
and participate in the adaptive immune response. Three classes of CpG oligonucleotide …

Membrane microdomains with distinct lipid compositions, called lipid rafts, represent a
potential mechanism for compartmentalizing cellular functions within the plane of biological …