Anticancer immunotherapies involving the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive
cellular transfer have emerged as new therapeutic pillars within oncology. These treatments …

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are preferred immune cells for targeting cancer.
During cancer progression, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion due to …

A2A receptors (A2AR), a typical GPCR with a high affinity for adenosine, was expressed in
many immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, etc …

The tumour microenvironment (TME) imposes a major obstacle to infiltrating T-lymphocytes
and suppresses their function. Several immune checkpoint proteins that interfere with …

Immunocheckpoint proteins of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play an important role in tumor
prognosis in the course of tumor clinicopathology. PD‐1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) …

The immune system plays a major role in the surveillance and control of malignant cells,
with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) correlating with better patient …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a low number of T‐cell population under normal
conditions, and they play key roles for maintaining immune system in homeostasis. The …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a host for a complex network of heterogeneous stromal
cells with overlapping or opposing functions depending on the dominant signals within this …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β is a multitasking cytokine such that its aberrant
expression is related to cancer progression and metastasis. TGF‐β is produced by a variety …

Over the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising
approaches to cancer treatment. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in …