Making causal inferences regarding human behaviour is difficult given the complex interplay
between countless contributors to behaviour, including factors in the external world and our …

An estimated 61.5 million Americans encounter police annually and more than one million
are threatened or subjected to police use of force during these encounters. Much research …

How Structural Racism Works — Racist Policies as a Root Cause of US Racial Health Inequities
| New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal of Medicine …

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority groups in
the United States. Although a promising solution of the COVID-19 vaccination offers hope …

We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and
criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We then discuss …

We make only one point in this article. Every quantitative study must be able to answer the
question: what is your estimand? The estimand is the target quantity—the purpose of the …

Abstract Nearly 1,000 officer-involved killings occur each year in the United States. This
article documents the large, racially disparate effects of these events on the educational and …

The mission of policing is “to protect and serve,” but recent events suggest that many
Americans, and especially Black Americans, do not feel protected from the police …

Background & methods Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as
an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic …

We study inaccurate beliefs as a source of discrimination. Economists typically characterize
discrimination as stemming from a taste-based (preference) or accurate statistical (belief …