Patients with chronic lung diseases, particularly interstitial lung disease and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, frequently develop pulmonary hypertension, which results in …

Inflammatory processes are prominent in various types of human and experimental
pulmonary hypertension (PH) and are increasingly recognized as major pathogenic …

Rationale: Severe pulmonary hypertension occurs occasionally in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but no detailed description of these patients is …

The immunopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the
innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses to the chronic inhalation of cigarette …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, complex, and progressive disease that is
characterized by the abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary arteries that leads to right …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), comprised of pulmonary emphysema,
chronic bronchitis, and structural and inflammatory changes of small airways, is a leading …

Anticholinergics are widely used for the treatment of COPD, and to a lesser extent for
asthma. Primarily used as bronchodilators, they reverse the action of vagally derived …

Tobacco smoking is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These diseases share common …

Alterations in pulmonary vessel structure and function are highly prevalent in patients with
COPD. Vascular abnormalities impair gas exchange and may result in pulmonary …

There is growing evidence for systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). Increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase …