This paper reviews measurement techniques and corresponding devices used to determine
the physical properties of the seasonal snowpack from distances close to the ground …

The snow cover is a key component of land surface hydrology, especially in mountain areas
where it governs the amount and timing of water availability in downstream areas. It is …

Core Ideas OZCAR is a network of sites studying the critical zone. OZCAR covers various
disciplines. OZCAR will help disciplines to work together for a better representation and …

Detailed studies of snow cover processes require models that offer a fine description of the
snow cover properties. The detailed snowpack model Crocus is such a scheme, and has …

There are many models that attempt to predict physical processes in snow on the ground for
a range of applications, and evaluations of these models show that they have a wide range …

Physically based models provide insights into key hydrologic processes but are associated
with uncertainties due to deficiencies in forcing data, model parameters, and model …

The alpine region is important in riverine and watershed ecosystems as a contributor of
freshwater, providing and stimulating specific habitats for biodiversity. In parallel, recent …

GEOtop is a fine-scale grid-based simulator that represents the heat and water budgets at
and below the soil surface. It describes the three-dimensional water flow in the soil and the …

The runoff from a snow cover during spring snowmelt or rain-on-snow events is an important
factor in the hydrological cycle. In this study, three water balance schemes for the 1 …

Physically based multilayer snowpack models suffer from various modelling errors. To
represent these errors, we built the new multiphysical ensemble system ESCROC …