Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during
biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process …

Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for
photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a …

The redox state of the chloroplast and mitochondria, the two main powerhouses of
photosynthesizing eukaryotes, is maintained by a delicate balance between energy …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

The term 'photosynthetic control'describes the short-and long-term mechanisms that regulate
reactions in the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain so that the rate of production of …

Plants and algae often absorb too much light—more than they can actually use in
photosynthesis. To prevent photo-oxidative damage and to acclimate to changes in their …

Singlet oxygen (1 O 2) is a singular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is produced
constitutively in plant leaves in light via chlorophylls that act as photosensitizers. This 1 O 2 …

Compartmentation of the eukaryotic cell requires a complex set of subcellular messages,
including multiple retrograde signals from the chloroplast and mitochondria to the nucleus …

Chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms harness light energy and convert it into chemical
energy. In several land plants, GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are required for …