This paper provides a review and evaluation of the use of problem structuring methods
(PSMs) in practice. It starts by describing the origins of PSMs, the type of problem situation …

The systems approach, or systems thinking, has been intimately connected with the
development of OR and management science initially through the work of founders such as …

The term 'systemic innovation'is increasing in use, but there is no consensus on its meaning:
five understandings of the term can be identified, each based on a different view of what the …

Complexity stems from the nature of problems. They rarely present themselves individually,
but come related to other problems, in richly interconnected problem situations that are …

Methodology is the? eld which is indisputably complex. In the academic world, it is often said
to be important, yet in everyday academic practice, it is not always treated accordingly. In …

The reissue by Productivity Press, Portland, Oregon ofIndustrial Dynamics' by JW Forrester,
together with the reissue of other work by Forrester and his colleagues has been seen as a …

Some action research today lacks a critical edge. This article identifies five inadequate forms
of action research, and argues that action research must be capable of 'telling unwelcome …

Having answered the basic question 'why methodology?', I can now begin to lay out my own
methodological ideas, starting with a definition of the term 'intervention'. This will provide a …

While criteria or principles for conducting positivist and interpretive research have been
widely discussed in the IS research literature, criteria or principles for critical research are …

Systems Thinking is a new paradigm set to revolutionize management practice in the 21st
century. Systems Approaches to Management is the most comprehensive guide available to …