Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible death of cardiomyocyte secondary to prolonged
lack of oxygen or fresh blood supply. Historically considered as merely cardiomyocyte …

The onset of heart failure is typically preceded by cardiac hypertrophy, a response of the
heart to increased workload, a cardiac insult such as a heart attack or genetic mutation …

Background: Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles released from cells into the blood,
where they can transmit signals throughout the body. Shown to act on the heart, exosomes' …

Heat shock 70 kDa proteins (HSP70s) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that function in
a myriad of biological processes, modulating polypeptide folding, degradation and …

▪ Abstract Molecular chaperones, including the heat-shock proteins (Hsps), are a ubiquitous
feature of cells in which these proteins cope with stress-induced denaturation of other …

Our cells and tissues are challenged constantly by exposure to extreme conditions that
cause acute and chronic stress. Consequently, survival has necessitated the evolution of …

Cells from virtually all organisms respond to a variety of stresses by the rapid synthesis of a
highly conserved set of polypeptides termed heat shock proteins (HSPs). The precise …

Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

The human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family contains at least eight homologous
chaperone proteins. Endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondria have their specific Hsp70 …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are detected in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. In vivo and
in vitro studies have shown that various stressors transiently increase production of HSPs as …