Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop
growth and development. Here, we not only review recent advances in salinity stress …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Synaptic inhibition plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability, which is the
foundation of nervous system function. This inhibition is largely mediated by the …

Intracellular pH (pHi) plays a critical role in the physiological and pathophysiological
processes of cells, and fluorescence imaging using pH-sensitive indicators provides a …

Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to
make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes …

Fluorescence has long been recognized as a powerful tool for probing biological structure
and function. Nearly sixty-five years ago, Coons and colleagues introduced the first …

The concentration of chloride ions in the cytoplasm and subcellular organelles of living cells
spans a wide range (5–130 mM), and is tightly regulated by intracellular chloride channels …

Fluorescent proteins have revolutionized cell biology by allowing researchers to non-
invasively peer into the inner workings of cells and organisms. While the most common …

Changes in membrane voltage brought about by ion fluxes through voltage and transmitter-
gated channels represent the basis of neural activity. As such, electrochemical gradients …

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the inhibitory strength of chloride (Cl−)-
permeable GABAA and glycine receptors (GABAAR and GlyR) depends on the intracellular …