The aqueous alteration of ultramafic rocks through serpentinization liberates mantle carbon
and reducing power. Serpentinization occurs in numerous settings on present day Earth …

Many outer solar system bodies are thought to harbor liquid water oceans beneath their ice
shells. This article first reviews how such oceans are detected. We then discuss how they …

In this article, we summarize the work of the NASA Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG)
Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds (ROW) group. The aim of this group is to assemble the scientific …

Detection of sodium-salt-rich ice grains emitted from the plume of the Saturnian moon
Enceladus suggests that the grains formed as frozen droplets from a liquid water reservoir …

Saturn's moon Enceladus has a potentially habitable subsurface water ocean that contains
canonical building blocks of life (organic and inorganic carbon, ammonia, possibly hydrogen …

For life to have emerged from CO2, rocks, and water on the early Earth, a sustained source
of chemically transducible energy was essential. The serpentinization process is emerging …

Saturn's moon, Enceladus, is a geologically active waterworld. The prevailing paradigm is
that there is a subsurface ocean that erupts to the surface, which leads to the formation of a …

Geophysical measurements can reveal the structures and thermal states of icy ocean
worlds. The interior density, temperature, sound speed, and electrical conductivity thus …

This paper presents a reformulation of the submarine alkaline hydrothermal theory for the
emergence of life in response to recent experimental findings. The theory views life, like …

The ocean in Jupiter's moon Europa may have redox balance similar to Earth's. On Earth,
low‐temperature hydration of crustal olivine produces substantial hydrogen, comparable to …