Simple Summary Animals provide food and other critical resources to much of the global
population. Transboundary animal diseases are highly contagious or transmissible …

A variety of in vivo experimental models have been established for the studies of human
cancer using both cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). In order to meet …

Newly hatched chickens are confronted by a wide array of pathogenic microbes because
their adaptive immune defences have limited capabilities to control these pathogens. In such …

The integrated innate immune features of the calcareous egg and its contents are a critical
underpinning of the remarkable evolutionary success of the Aves clade. Beginning at the …

Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry
and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the …

The avian immune system improves with the development of the lymphoid organs. The
chickens' spleen serves as the largest peripheral lymphoid organ, but little immunological …

The highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates typically result in severe systemic
pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas …

Introduction Evaluating differences in immune responses to Eimeria spp. between poultry
genetic lines could be valuable for understanding favorable traits to address coccidiosis, a …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections are well known to harbour quasispecies, due to
the error-prone nature of the RNA polymerase. Quasispecies variants in the fusion cleavage …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has caused significant outbreaks in South-East Asia,
particularly in Indonesia in recent years. Recently emerged genotype VII NDVs (NDV-GVII) …