This paper surveys the literature on the economic effects of sanctions on Iran, with a
principal focus on those imposed after 2006. We discuss the challenges of isolating the …

Improving energy efficiency is vital for reducing energy consumption and can have
substantial impacts on reducing carbon emissions. This study investigates the impact of …

Research background: Cross-national sanctions are external factors with high uncertainty.
The current situation of green innovation is not optimistic and the future of the uncertain …

Motivated by the claim that China and Russia purposefully and systematically undermine
Western sanction efforts, we study the effects of US and EU sanctions on trade flows …

This paper investigates the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the transmission of
volatility among financial markets. We first demonstrate that the Russia–Ukraine war …

Purpose The use of economic sanctions has grown dramatically in recent decades.
Nevertheless, many arguments are presented in the public policy space regarding their …

This policy brief frames the discussion of sanctions imposed on Russia since the invasion of
Ukraine in a wider international and historical perspective. We present a brief review of …

This study examines the effects of sanctions implemented by the European Union and the
United States of America against the Russian Federation following the latter's annexation of …

Using a gendered crisis approach, this study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iranian
women's nascent entrepreneurial behaviours. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship …

It is often argued that governments take advantage of extreme events to expand their power
to the detriment of the political opposition and citizens at large. Violations of constitutional …