Uncovering the mechanisms of virus infection and assembly is crucial for preventing the
spread of viruses and treating viral disease. The technique of single-virus tracking (SVT) …

The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle—binding and
entry into the host cell—plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV …

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins play an essential role in the virus replication cycle
by mediating the fusion between viral and cellular membranes during the entry process. The …

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has recently emerged to cause millions of human infections
worldwide. Infection can induce the formation of long intercellular extensions that project …

Detailed information about the replication cycle of viruses and their interactions with host
organisms is required to develop strategies to stop them. Cell biology studies, live-cell …

The mucosal immune system forms the largest part of the entire immune system, containing
about three-quarters of all lymphocytes and producing grams of secretory IgA daily to protect …

C-type lectins (CTLs) represent the most complex family of animal/human lectins that
comprises 17 different groups. During evolution, CTLs have developed by diversification to …

The persistence of latent reservoir of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently
the major challenge in curing HIV infection. After HIV infects the human body, the latent HIV …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the defence against pathogens. Invading pathogens are
recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptors such as C-type lectins expressed on …

Immune tolerance to tumors is often associated with accumulation of myeloid-derived
suppressor cells (MDSC) and an increase in the number of T-regulatory cells (Treg). In …