Proteorhodopsins are the most abundant retinal based photoreceptors and their
phototrophic function might be relevant in marine ecosystems. Here, we describe their …

Fluorescence spectroscopy has become an established tool at the interface of biology,
chemistry and physics because of its exquisite sensitivity and recent technical …

Reliable optical detection of single action potentials in mammalian neurons has been one of
the longest-standing challenges in neuroscience. Here we achieved this goal by using the …

The Rhizoclosmatium globosum genome encodes three rhodopsin-guanylyl cyclases
(RGCs), which are predicted to facilitate visual orientation of the fungal zoospores. Here, we …

All‐trans to 13‐cis photoisomerization of the protonated retinal Schiff base (PRSB)
chromophore is the primary step that triggers various biological functions of microbial …

We review recent new insights on reaction dynamics of photoreceptors proteins gained from
ultrafast spectroscopy. In Blue Light sensing Using FAD (BLUF) domains, a hydrogen-bond …

The proteorhodopsin (PR) family found in bacteria near the ocean's surface consists of
hundreds of PR variants color-tuned to their environment. PR contains a highly conserved …

Schizorhodopsin (SzR) is a newly discovered microbial rhodopsin subfamily, functioning as
an unusual inward-proton (H+) pump upon absorbing light. Two major protein structural …

In organisms, ion transporters play essential roles in the generation and dissipation of ion
gradients across cell membranes. Microbial rhodopsins selectively transport cognate ions …

Artificial membrane systems allow researchers to study the structure and function of
membrane proteins in a matrix that approximates their natural environment and to integrate …