We review the gas-phase chemistry in extraterrestrial space that is driven by reactions with
atomic and molecular ions. Ions are ubiquitous in space and are potentially responsible for …

The origin and evolution of Venus', Earth's, Mars' and Titan's atmospheres are discussed
from the time when the active young Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence. We show …

The habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its
interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive …

Atmospheric erosion of CO2-rich Earth-size exoplanets due to coronal mass ejection (CME)-
induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is …

We show that photoevaporation of small gaseous exoplanets (“mini-Neptunes”) in the
habitable zones of M dwarfs can remove several Earth masses of hydrogen and helium from …

The Sun's magnetic activity has steadily declined during its main-sequence life. While the
solar photospheric luminosity was about 30% lower 4.6 Gyr ago when the Sun arrived on …

The evolution and escape of the martian atmosphere and the planet's water inventory can
be separated into an early and late evolutionary epoch. The first epoch started from the …

Mars and Venus do not have a global magnetic field and as a result solar wind interacts
directly with their ionospheres and upper atmospheres. Neutral atoms ionized by solar UV …

The Venus Express mission is scheduled for launch in 2005. Among many other
instruments, it carries a magnetometer to investigate the Venus plasma environment …

Earth is one of the inner planets of the Solar System, but–unlike the others–it has an
oxidising atmosphere, relatively stable temperature, and a constant geomagnetic field …