In order to effectively study and manage headache disorders, diagnosis is essential. In both
research and clinical arenas, separating secondary causes from primary headache …

Background Unusual headache syndromes are not as infrequent in clinical practice as was
generally believed. About three fourths of the classified headache disorders found in the …

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful, disabling, chronic condition whose
etiology remains poorly understood. The recent suggestion that immunological mechanisms …

Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare subtype of migraine with aura. Given that causal
missense mutations in the voltage-gated calcium channel α1A subunit gene CACNA1A …

Background The etiology of HaNDL is not known. Recent neuroimaging studies have
suggested that there may be altered cerebrovascular blood flow during acute episodes …

Calcium channels are specialized ion channels exhibiting selective permeability to calcium
ions. Calcium channels, comprising voltage-dependent and ligand-gated types, are pivotal …

Background Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis typically manifests as severe multistage
neuropsychiatric syndrome. However, milder or incomplete forms of the disorder have been …

Calcium ions play a key role in the physiological processes of the central nervous system.
The intracellular calcium signal, in nerve cells, is part of the neurotransmission mechanism …

Background The syndrome of transient Headache and Neurological Deficits with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Lymphocytosis (HaNDL) is classified among secondary …

Background The syndrome of transient headache and neurologic deficits with cerebrospinal
fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) is a self-limited benign disorder of unclear pathogenesis, with …