Opioid analgesics have been the foundation of human pain management for centuries, and
their value in animals has increased since Yoxall 1 proposed that it was the veterinarian's …

Currently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition
of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness …

Opioids are the prototypical analgesics, antitussives, and antidiarrheal drug class. The
opioid receptor system or opioid effects have been identified in numerous animal species …

A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether
butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal …

* The editors and authors acknowledge and appreciate the contributions of Samuel L.
Jones, Katharina I. Lohmann, Michelle Henry Barton, Laura Javsicas, Anthony T. Blikslager …

Reasons for performing study: Commonly used analgesics (nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory
agents, opioids and α2‐agonists) have unwanted side effects. An effective alternative with …

The aim of this study was to refine a multi-dimensional scale based on physiological and
behavioural parameters, known as the post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale …

Objective To elaborate constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for xylazine (X) and
xylazine/butorphanol (XB) which will result in constant sedation and steady xylazine plasma …

Primary care guidelines provide a reference point to guide clinicians based on a systematic
review of the literature, contextualised by expert clinical opinion. These guidelines develop a …

Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration
used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given …