Shotcrete is often used for the construction and stabilization of tunnels and other
underground structures, where it is susceptible to different forms of physical and chemical …

The slow progress of the external sulfate attack and the large size and criticality of typical
structures affected by this phenomenon establish numerical modeling as a key tool to …

The mechanisms behind the expansion of samples immersed in solutions containing sulfate
ions have been controversial. Expansion is believed to originate in the formation of ettringite …

In this paper we focus on the external sulfate attack on concrete specimens at the meso-
level. There is nowadays a renewed interest in rationally describing the mechanisms behind …

This paper is focused on the modelling of the mechanical consequences of external sulfate
attack in concrete structures under partially or fully saturated conditions. To this purpose a …

A numerical methodology is proposed in this paper to simulate the degradation of
cementitious materials under external sulfate attack. The methodology includes diffusion of …

The interaction of mortar with sulfate solutions leads to a reaction front within the porous
material and to expansion. Thermodynamic modelling coupled with transport codes was …

The sulfate deterioration of cement-based materials has become severe durability problems
for the offshore structures. Considering the various service conditions such as splash and …

A spalling rate model is established to estimate the damage of concretes subject to the
combined action of leaching and external sulfate attack (ESA). Two sub-models are …

External sulfate attack (ESA) and delayed ettringite formation (DEF) are well-known concrete
degradation phenomena induced by ettringite crystallization. This paper proposes a …