The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

Optimal fracture treatment requires knowledge of the complex physiological process of bone
healing. The course of bone healing is mainly influenced by fracture fixation stability …

Bone regeneration is a complex, well-orchestrated physiological process of bone formation,
which can be seen during normal fracture healing, and is involved in continuous …

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family forms a group of three isoforms, TGF‐β1,
TGF‐β2, and TGF‐β3, with their structure formed by interrelated dimeric polypeptide chains …

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been considered an effective
therapeutic treatment for a variety of diseases including bone fracture. However, there are …

Purpose This review evaluates the application of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in
delayed bone repair, aiming at a broad audience from clinicians to scientists. Next to an …

Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs) in bone diseases is closely related to paracrine-generated extracellular vesicles …

Delayed bone healing and non‐union occur in approximately 10% of long bone fractures.
Despite intense investigations and progress in understanding the processes governing …

Objectives To describe the biological characteristics of exosomes and to summarize the
current status of stem cell‐derived exosomes on fracture healing. Meanwhile, future …

The complexity of fracture repair makes it an ideal process for studying the interplay
between the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ level events involved in tissue …