There is an increasing interest in nootropic drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders. Since
the last meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of piracetam, more information has …

Objective: To make evidence-based recommendations regarding management of tardive
syndromes (TDS), including tardive dyskinesias (TDD), by addressing 5 questions: 1) Is …

Background Schizophrenia is associated with impaired antioxidant defense, including
abnormal serum, plasma, and red blood cell (RBC) oxidative stress parameters. We …

Background Piracetam is a drug that may enhance memory and other intellectual functions,
but its usefulness in treating dementia is uncertain. It is, however, commonly prescribed for …

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, often disabling, movement disorder that is caused by
medications that block dopamine receptors (ie, neuroleptics, anti-emetics). There is currently …

Tardive dyskinesia is a serious, disabling and potentially permanent, neurological
hyperkinetic movement disorder that occurs after months or years of taking psychotropic …

Guidelines for schizophrenia treatment have been created in various countries and have
been translated and used in Japan as well. However, the available drugs and their …

It has been 50 years since the first patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were described, but
the pathophysiology is only partially understood and effective treatments have remained …

Objective: Free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD).
Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) is a potent antioxidant possessing free radical–scavenging …

Dyskinesias encompass a variety of different hyperkinetic phenomenologies, particularly
chorea, dystonia, stereotypies, and akathisia. The main types of drug-induced dyskinesias …