The concept of feedback is key in assessing whether a perturbation to a system is amplified
or damped by mechanisms internal to the system. In polar regions, climate dynamics are …

This article provides a synthesis of the latest observational trends and projections for the
future of the Arctic. First, the Arctic is already changing rapidly as a result of climate change …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over past decades through the accelerated
flow of its glaciers, conditioned by ocean temperature and bed topography. Glaciers …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

This Report responds to the invitation for IPCC?... to provide a Special Report in 2018 on the
impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-
level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and …

Government policies currently commit us to surface warming of three to four degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which will lead to enhanced ice-sheet melt. Ice-sheet …