Marine organisms have occupied hard substrates since the Archaean. Shells, rocks, wood
and sedimentary hardgrounds offer relatively stable habitats compared to unconsolidated …

Generating electricity from waves is predicted to be a new source of renewable energy
conversion expanding significantly, with a global potential in the range of wind and …

Recent estimates suggest that roughly 100 times more plastic litter enters the sea than is
found floating at the sea surface, despite the buoyancy and durability of many plastic …

Aim The global sprawl of marine hard infrastructure (eg breakwaters, sea walls and jetties)
can extensively modify coastal seascapes, but the knowledge of such impacts remains …

We identified different distributions of marine nonindigenous species (NIS) and native
species on some artificial structures versus natural reefs and using experimental …

Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have
led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine …

In recent years, offshore wind energy in the shelf seas of the southern North Sea is
experiencing a strong growth. Foundations are introduced in mainly sandy sediments, and …

Intertidal seawalls are increasingly being built in urban estuaries, fragmenting and replacing
natural intertidal shores. Many species of animals and plants live on seawalls. Previous …

In light of the deteriorating state of coral reefs worldwide, the need to rehabilitate marine
environments has greatly increased. Artificial reefs (ARs) have been suggested as a tool for …

A massive development of offshore windmill farms has been planned along the European
coastline. This raises important questions about the possible effects on the marine …