The sequential addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain is carried out by the
ribosome in a complicated multistep process called the elongation cycle. It involves accurate …

The elongation phase of protein synthesis defines the overall speed and fidelity of protein
synthesis and affects protein folding and targeting. The mechanisms of reactions taking …

During peptide-bond formation on the ribosome, the α-amine of an aminoacyl-tRNA attacks
the ester carbonyl carbon of a peptidyl-tRNA to yield a peptide lengthened by one amino …

Ribozymes synthesize proteins in a highly regulated local environment to minimize side
reactions caused by various competing species. In contrast, it is challenging to prepare …

The ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation between peptidyl-tRNA in the P site and
aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site. Here, we show that the nature of the C-terminal amino acid …

The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein particle that translates genetic information
encoded in mRNA into specific proteins. Its highly conserved active site, the peptidyl …

The active site of the ribosome, the peptidyl transferase centre, catalyses two reactions,
namely, peptide bond formation between peptidyl-tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA as well as the …

The chemical step of natural protein synthesis, peptide bond formation, is catalysed by the
large subunit of the ribosome. Crystal structures have shown that the active site for peptide …

Recent progress in elucidating the peptide bond formation process on the ribosome has led
to notion of a proton shuttle mechanism where the 2'-hydroxyl group of the P-site tRNA plays …

Highlights•The ribosome's active site catalyzes diverse chemical reactions.•Peptide bond
formation proceeds through a fully concerted proton shuttle mechanism.•The transition state …