Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

Emotion plays a crucial role, both in general human experience and in psychiatric illnesses.
Despite the importance of emotion, the relative lack of objective methodologies to …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …

Long-lasting internal arousal states motivate and pattern ongoing behaviour, enabling the
temporary emergence of innate behavioural programs that serve the needs of an animal …

Mapping neural circuits across defined synapses is essential for understanding brain
function. Here we describe trans-Tango, a technique for anterograde transsynaptic circuit …

Goal-directed social behaviours such as mating and fighting are associated with scalable
and persistent internal states of emotion, motivation, arousal or drive. How those internal …

Courtship rituals serve to reinforce reproductive barriers between closely related species.
Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans exhibit reproductive isolation, owing in …

Innate behaviors are frequently comprised of ordered sequences of component actions that
progress to satisfy essential drives. Progression is governed by specialized sensory cues …

Principles of Neurobiology, Second Edition presents the major concepts of neuroscience
with an emphasis on how we know what we know. The text is organized around a series of …

Animals exhibit innate behaviours to a variety of sensory stimuli including olfactory cues. In
Drosophila, one higher olfactory centre, the lateral horn (LH), is implicated in innate …