Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and
function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount …

Fibrosis is defined by the overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues and is
attributed to excess deposition of extracellular matrix components including collagen …

Review on three IL-4-related branch points for immune regulation: alternative splicing of IL-
4, differential receptor engagement, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by …

Pulmonary fibrosis and architectural remodeling of tissues can severely disrupt lung
function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrotic diseases is varied …

The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the
largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental property of adaptive immunity, yet only recently have
many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T cell help emerged. T follicular helper …

Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-α-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is
produced by NKT and CD4+ T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive …

CD4+ helper T cells can differentiate into several possible fates including: Th1, Th2, T
regulatory, and Th17 cells. Although, cytokine production by non-T cells is an important …

The inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic
diseases. However, the identity and functions of IL-17–producing T cells during the …