Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in
depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human …

Psilocybin shows efficacy to alleviate depression in human clinical trials for six or more
months after only one or two treatments. Another hallucinogenic drug, esketamine, has …

Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful
primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary …

In order to expand the prospects of developing novel antidepressants for treatment-resistant
populations, animal models should incorporate not only various stress-induced behavioural …

There is accumulating evidence that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role
in the pathophysiology of depression. Given that clinical depression is marked by anhedonia …

The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is an established depression model characterized by elevated
anxiety-and depression-like behavior across a variety of tests. Here we further characterized …

Converging evidence suggests that deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functioning
are implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). This is …

Depending on its nature, duration, and intensity, stress can exert potent and bidirectional
modulatory effects on pain, either reducing pain (stress-induced analgesia) or exacerbating …

A recent review proposed four criteria for an animal model of treatment-resistant depression
(TRD): a phenotypic resemblance to a risk factor for depression; enhanced response to …