Autophagy is a degradative pathway for cytoplasmic constituents, and is conserved across
eukaryotes. Autophagy-related (ATG) genes have undergone extensive multiplications and …

Sulfur is an essential element for a variety of cellular constituents in all living organisms. In
tRNA molecules, there are many sulfur-containing nucleosides, such as the derivatives of 2 …

Cyclic di-and linear oligo-nucleotide signals activate defenses against invasive nucleic
acids in animal immunity; however, their evolutionary antecedents are poorly understood …

Post‐translational modifications by ubiquitin‐like proteins (UBLs) are essential for nearly all
cellular processes. Ubiquitin‐related modifier 1 (Urm1) is a unique UBL, which plays a key …

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is subject to a multitude of posttranscriptional modifications which can
profoundly impact its functionality as the essential adaptor molecule in messenger RNA …

Various sulfur-containing biomolecules include iron–sulfur clusters that act as cofactors for
enzymes, sulfur-containing vitamins such as thiamin, and sulfur-modified nucleosides in …

Modifications of transfer RNA (tRNA) have been shown to play critical roles in the
biogenesis, metabolism, structural stability and function of RNA molecules, and the specific …

Highlights•tRNA thiolation enzymes were thought to use a persulfide on a catalytic cysteine
as a sulfur source.•Several tRNA thiolation enzymes contain a [4Fe–4S] cluster acting as a …

To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes
have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most …

Sulfur is an essential element in all living organisms. In tRNA molecules, there are many
sulfur-containing nucleosides, introduced post-transcriptionally, that function to ensure …