In the last decades, the assumption that complex social life is cognitively challenging, and
thus can drive mental evolution, has received much support from empirical studies in …

Simple Summary Horses are highly social animals that preferably live in stable social
groups and form long-term affiliative bonds. However, although their need for social …

Various types of long-term stable relationships that individuals uphold, including
cooperation and competition between group members, define social complexity in …

Wolves returned to Germany in 2000, leading to fear in German horse owners that their
horses could be in danger of wolf attacks or panic-like escapes from pastures when sighting …

In group-living species, cooperative tactics can offset asymmetries in resource-holding
potential between individuals and alter the outcome of intragroup conflicts. Differences in the …

This study examines whether horses can learn by observing humans, given that they identify
individual humans and orientate on the focus of human attention. We tested 24 horses aged …

For group-living mammals, social coordination increases success in everything from hunting
and foraging (Crofoot and Wrangham in Mind the Gap, Springer, Berlin, 2010; Bailey et al. in …

Third-party interventions may regulate conflicts to reduce aggression and promote cohesion
amongst group members, but are rarely documented in ungulates. The white-lipped peccary …

For many years, studies on horse social behaviour focused mainly on social organization,
dominance and aggression. There are comparatively fewer studies on affiliative …

Simple Summary Comparisons across equine social behaviour studies are currently
impeded by the lack of a universally accepted ethogram. Therefore, this ethogram …