Opioid-free anesthesia is revolutionizing anesthetic practices for its potential benefits in
selected patients. Opioid-free anesthesia represents a step forward in anesthetic practice as …

There are many obstacles for the development of effective medications to treat chronic pain,
including the inherent challenges in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms, the overlap …

Background. Acute postoperative pain (APP) has a high incidence in breast surgery, and
opioids are the most commonly used drugs for its management; however, they are not free …

Objectives The effects of pre-emptive infusion of ketamine–lidocaine with tramadol on the
suppression of central sensitization were investigated in a dog ovariohysterectomy model …

Background: Effective management of postoperative pain leads to increased patient
satisfaction, earlier mobilization, reduced hospital stay and costs. One of the methods used …

Multimodal anesthesia, which combines general and epidural anesthesia, is used in
surgical cases in which a large or painful incision is anticipated. However, both epidural …

Background Perioperative pain management is a key element of enhanced recovery after
surgery (ERAS) programs. A multimodal approach to analgesia as part of a coordinated …

1. Explain the development of enhanced recovery programs. 2. List the components of an
enhanced recovery program. 3. Contrast the strategies used for perioperative pain …

Objective The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for the pharmacological
and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents to provide …