Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

Dopamine neurotransmission has been ascribed multiple functions with respect to both
motivational and associative processes in reward-based learning, though these have …

Caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs) are widely consumed despite little known about
their behavioral and biological effects. Furthermore, CABs are also popular among …

The motivation to seek natural reinforcers and drugs can transform over time from a form of
pleasure-seeking to a form of relief-seeking. This shift from a positive reinforcement-based …

Morphine injections into the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) produce reward behaviour.
Lesions of the Tegmental Pedunculopontine Nucleus (TPP) block these rewarding effects in …

O núcleo accumbens (NAc) é reconhecido como um componente essencial do circuito de
recompensa, estando associado ao processamento de eventos recompensadores e …