Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

Background The discovery and use of antibiotics have produced tremendous benefits for
human society, however, with the large-scale use of antibiotics in medicine, animal …

TolC is an archetypal member of the outer membrane efflux protein (OEP) family. These
proteins are involved in export of small molecules and toxins across the outer membrane of …

Bacteria harness an impressive repertoire of resistance mechanisms to evade the inhibitory
action of antibiotics. One such mechanism involves efflux pump-mediated extrusion of drugs …

Efflux pumps are a serious challenge for the development of antibacterial agents.
Overcoming efflux requires an in-depth understanding of efflux pump functions, specificities …

Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem
globally. MDR bacteria are frequently detected in humans and animals from both more-and …

Although protein acetylation is widely observed, it has been associated with few specific
regulatory functions making it poorly understood. To interrogate its functionality, we …

Cellular metabolism assembles in a structurally highly conserved, but functionally dynamic
system, known as the metabolic network. This network involves highly active, enzyme …

Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …