Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in various
cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in cancers, contributing to the occurrence and …

Evolving studies with several different targeted therapeutic agents are demonstrating that
patients with genomic alterations of the target, including amplification, translocation and …

Estrogen Carcinogenesis in Breast Cancer | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main
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Tamoxifen is a central component of the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast
cancer as a partial agonist of ER. It has been clinically used for the last 30 years and is …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) belong to a superfamily of
nuclear receptors called steroid hormone receptors, which, upon binding ligand, dimerize …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing
to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and …

Ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily have at least two mechanisms of action:(a)
classical transcriptional regulation of target genes (genomic mechanisms); and (b) non …

The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/4E-BP1 pathway is considered to be a
central regulator of protein synthesis, involving the regulation of cell proliferation …

For many years, the medical treatment of breast cancer was reliant solely on cytotoxic
chemotherapy. However, over the past twenty years, treatment has evolved to a more target …

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a difficult-to-recognize multiple hamartoma syndrome with high
risks of breast, thyroid, and other cancers. Germline mutations in PTEN on 10q23 were …