Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

Astrocytes functionally interact with neurons and with other brain cells. Although not
electrically excitable, astrocytes display a complex repertoire of intracellular Ca2+ signalling …

Astrocytes provide neurons with essential metabolic and structural support, modulate
neuronal circuit activity and may also function as versatile surveyors of brain milieu, tuned to …

Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles
such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and …

Brain cells continuously produce and release protons into the extracellular space, with the
rate of acid production corresponding to the levels of neuronal activity and metabolism …

Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells, come in variety of forms and functions. However,
overarching role of these cell is in the homeostasis of the brain, be that regulation of ions …

Na+/H+ exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the
electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ across cellular membranes. They belong to an …

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing …