Many countries around the world have strengthened of the environmental regulations on
greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, so battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to replace traditional …

As a highly efficient thermodynamic cycle formed by pure natural fluid and using
aerothermal energy, transcritical CO 2 technology has huge advantages in terms of energy …

New energy transportation is an important link for the future development of global energy
industry, while higher and more precise requirements for the new energy vehicles' air …

Since its resurgence as a refrigerant in the 1990s, Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) has grown in
popularity and breadth of application. Its negligible global warming potential (GWP) …

This study proposed an improved CO 2 heat pump system for electric vehicles by
introducing the concept of two stage compression with intermediate cooling. A coefficient of …

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) approach to optimize the operation of
a transcritical CO 2 air source heat pump (ASHP) water heater. Past findings have revealed …

This study investigates the heating performance of a heat pump system for an electric bus by
using carbon dioxide (CO 2) as refrigerant in cold climate. The effects of the outdoor and …

The cooling performance of a transcritical CO 2 air conditioning system for an electric bus
was investigated using energy and exergy analyses. The effects of the working conditions …

This paper presents an experimental and numerical model-based approach for the
estimation and control of the optimal heat rejection pressure in a one-stage transcritical CO …

As HFC refrigerants widely employed in electric vehicle heat pump systems face stringent
restrictions due to environmental concerns, CO 2 has attracted significant attention as a …