Morphologists have historically had to rely on destructive procedures to visualize the three‐
dimensional (3‐D) anatomy of animals. More recently, however, non‐destructive techniques …

The recent expansion of a variety of morphometric tools has brought about a revolution in
the comparison of morphology in the context of the size and shape in various fields including …

Female genitalia have been largely neglected in studies of genital evolution, perhaps due to
the long‐standing belief that they are relatively invariable and therefore taxonomically and …

Traumatic mating (or copulatory wounding) is an extreme form of sexual conflict whereby
male genitalia physically harm females during mating. In such species females are expected …

The rapid evolution of male genitalia is a nearly ubiquitous pattern across sexually
reproducing organisms, likely driven by the evolutionary pressures of male–male …

In the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, the male intromittent organ is covered in
sharp spines that pierce the female copulatory tract wall during mating. Although the fitness …

Male genitalia often show remarkable differences among related species in size, shape and
complexity. Across poeciliid fishes, the elongated fin (gonopodium) that males use to …

Our understanding of genital evolution comes largely from studies of male genitalia.
Females have received far less attention because of the difficulties inherent in quantifying …

Hyper-elongated structures and their penetration are widespread among insects, for
example, intromittent organs, ovipositors, and piercing-sucking mouthparts. The penetration …

Natural selection and post‐copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute
to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes …